重樓皂苷I/重樓皂甙I/重樓皂苷Ⅰ/重樓皂甙A/重樓皂甙

Dried tubers of Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright (DZW, Fig. 1b; powder form, P-DZW, Fig. 1c) and crude extract of DZW (E-DZW, Fig. 1d) were supplied by Zunyi City Bei Yuan Chemical Co., Ltd (China). The standard materials of diosgenin, zingiberensis newsaponin (S1), deltonin (S2), prosapogenin A (S3), trillin (S6), polyphyllin I, and dioscin were purchased from Sichuan Weikeqi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (China). Diosgenin triglucoside (S4) and diosgenin diglucoside (S5) were purified from E-DZW. All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Beijing Chemical Co., Ltd (China).

hecogenin (1), diosgenin (2), ruscogenin (3), gitogenin (4), tigogenin (5), solasodine (6), (24S,25S)-3β, 24-di-hydroxy-5α-spirostan (7), dracaenol C (8), 25(27)-dehydroruscogenin (9), (1β, 3β, 14α, 15α, 20R, 22S, 25R)-spirost-5-ene-tetrol (10), peimine (11), peiminine (12), peimisine (13), isoverticine (14), trillin (15), polyphyllin VI (16), polyphyllin VII (17), pallidifloside D (18), prosapogenin A (19), spongipregnoloside A (20), dioscin(21), solasonine (22), solamargine (23), gracillin (24), polyphyllin I(25), timosaponin BII (26), timosaponinA-III(27), ophiopogonin D (28), protobioside (29), (22S,25S)-26-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-22,25-epoxyfurost-5-en-3β,26-diol-3-O-α-l-rha-mnopyranosyl(1 → 2)-β-d-gluc (30), pallidifloside E (31), parispseudoside (32), methylprotodioscin (33), protodioscin (34), pseudoprotodioscin (35), YS-IX (36), pallidifloside A (37), pallidifloside H (38), digoxin (39), bisdigoxigenin (40), 7β, 14α, 21-tri-hydroxy-diosgenin (41), 12β,14α,21-tri-hydroxy-diosgenin (42), and 11β,14α-di-hydroxyldiosgenin (43) were purchase from Sichuan weikeqi biotechnology company (Sichuan province, China). Pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs, 20 mg/mL) and pooled human primary hepatocytes were purchased from Rild Research Institute for LiverDiseases (Shanghai, China).

PPI powder (molecular formula: C44H70O16, molecular weight: 855.017, density: 1.4±0.1 g/cm3, purity ≥98%) was obtained from Sichuan Weikeqi Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (≥6 weeks old, 251–300 g) were bought from Zhejiang Chinese medical university Laboratory Animal Research Center (Zhejiang, China).

The MTT assay measured cell proliferation. MCF-7 cells, H22 cells, and S180 cells (8000 cells/well) were first seeded into 96-well plates. PPI (Weikeqi-biotech, wkq19051309) was dissolved in 100% DMSO to 100 mmol/L as a storing solution and was then diluted in normal saline (NS) to 1–1000 μmol/L as working solutions. 0.1–100 μmol/L PPI was incubated with the cells for 48 h.